2.4 INTERMEDIATE ALLOY STEELS

Figure 2.4.1.0. Effect of temperature on the physical properties of 5Cr-Mo-V aircraft steel.

205.3915275994865, 17.11382113821138

316.3029525032092, 17.382113821138212

460.07702182284976, 17.691056910569106

614.1206675224646, 17.926829268292686

745.5712451861359, 18.089430894308943

870.8600770218227, 18.21951219512195

1026.9576379974324, 18.333333333333336

1199.486521181001, 18.40650406504065

 

400.51347881899864, 5.677419354838709

480.61617458279835, 5.548387096774193

585.3658536585365, 5.419354838709677

665.4685494223362, 5.354838709677418

768.1643132220795, 5.32258064516129

852.374839537869, 5.338709677419354

959.1784338896019, 5.427419354838709

1051.6046213093707, 5.54032258064516

1133.7612323491653, 5.653225806451612

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.1(a). Effect of temperature on the ultimate tensile strength (Ftu) of 5Cr[1]Mo-V aircraft steel.

94.68599033816423, 99.36808846761453

220.28985507246372, 95.89257503949446

363.28502415458934, 92.10110584518166

485.02415458937196, 88.1516587677725

641.5458937198068, 84.04423380726698

747.8260869565216, 81.20063191153238

798.0676328502416, 79.46287519747234

827.0531400966183, 75.82938388625593

886.9565217391304, 68.24644549763032

923.6714975845409, 62.87519747235386

971.9806763285023, 52.76461295418641

1006.7632850241546, 42.969984202211684

1043.478260869565, 32.85939968404422

1068.5990338164252, 25.118483412322277

1099.5169082125603, 17.693522906793035

 

102.41545893719808, 99.36808846761453

212.56038647342993, 95.7345971563981

363.28502415458934, 91.78515007898893

552.6570048309178, 86.25592417061611

693.7198067632851, 82.78041074249604

790.3381642512077, 79.93680884676144

861.8357487922706, 76.61927330173775

921.7391304347825, 72.1958925750395

964.2512077294687, 68.08846761453395

1000.9661835748793, 62.40126382306477

1033.816425120773, 54.66034755134281

1055.0724637681158, 48.34123222748814

1070.5314009661836, 41.54818325434438

1082.1256038647343, 35.387045813586084

1095.6521739130433, 27.804107424960492

 

98.55072463768113, 99.21011058451816

228.01932367149757, 95.41864139020537

405.7971014492754, 90.521327014218

539.1304347826086, 86.7298578199052

684.0579710144926, 83.09636650868877

805.7971014492753, 79.14691943127961

879.2270531400966, 75.51342812006318

941.0628019323672, 70.93206951026855

983.5748792270531, 66.66666666666666

1039.6135265700482, 57.5039494470774

1058.9371980676328, 53.080568720379134

1080.193236714976, 46.919431279620845

1101.4492753623188, 41.54818325434438

 

98.55072463768113, 99.36808846761453

233.81642512077295, 95.57661927330173

415.4589371980676, 90.20537124802527

608.695652173913, 84.83412322274881

697.5845410628019, 82.62243285939968

799.9999999999999, 79.14691943127961

859.903381642512, 76.77725118483411

931.4009661835748, 72.1958925750395

1002.8985507246375, 64.92890995260663

1058.9371980676328, 57.06161137440752

1095.6521739130433, 49.92101105845181

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.1(b). Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) of 5Cr-Mo-V aircraft steel.

84.41717791411045, 100.1610305958132

292.515337423313, 94.52495974235104

549.6932515337425, 87.92270531400965

679.2638036809816, 84.54106280193236

763.6809815950921, 81.96457326892109

806.8711656441719, 79.06602254428341

871.6564417177916, 72.30273752012883

920.7361963190186, 65.21739130434781

965.8895705521473, 55.71658615136875

995.3374233128835, 47.98711755233494

1024.7852760736196, 39.130434782608674

1048.3435582822085, 33.011272141706925

1077.791411042945, 23.99355877616746

1103.312883435583, 17.874396135265684

 

90.30674846625769, 100.1610305958132

298.4049079754601, 94.20289855072463

545.7668711656443, 88.08373590982286

696.9325153374234, 84.05797101449275

777.4233128834356, 81.15942028985506

828.4662576687117, 77.93880837359097

881.472392638037, 74.55716586151368

914.8466257668714, 71.01449275362319

950.1840490797546, 66.50563607085346

987.4846625766874, 61.51368760064412

1036.5644171779143, 52.01288244766505

1067.9754601226994, 43.31723027375201

1089.5705521472391, 33.49436392914653

1105.2760736196321, 25.603864734299506

 

94.23312883435582, 99.8389694041868

294.478527607362, 94.36392914653784

408.34355828220873, 91.46537842190016

541.8404907975461, 88.37359098228663

669.4478527607364, 84.70209339774557

799.0184049079757, 80.3220611916264

853.9877300613498, 76.48953301127213

899.1411042944787, 73.42995169082124

983.558282208589, 65.05636070853461

1028.7116564417179, 58.29307568438002

1067.9754601226994, 50.080515297906594

1089.5705521472391, 43.31723027375201

1101.3496932515338, 37.03703703703704

 

86.38036809815952, 100

229.69325153374237, 96.13526570048309

380.8588957055215, 92.27053140096618

539.877300613497, 88.40579710144927

679.2638036809816, 84.38003220611915

777.4233128834356, 81.15942028985506

871.6564417177916, 75.68438003220612

958.036809815951, 68.59903381642512

1014.9693251533744, 63.34943639291467

1060.1226993865032, 57.16586151368759

1099.3865030674847, 49.75845410628018

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.2(a). Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) of 5Cr[1]Mo-V aircraft steel.

92.97820823244548, 99.51923076923077

257.6271186440677, 95.35256410256412

447.457627118644, 90.7051282051282

625.6658595641645, 86.69871794871796

716.7070217917675, 84.2948717948718

798.0629539951573, 80.76923076923077

838.7409200968522, 76.92307692307693

904.600484261501, 69.71153846153847

954.9636803874089, 61.21794871794872

991.7675544794188, 50.48076923076923

1024.6973365617432, 40.70512820512821

1063.4382566585955, 29.48717948717949

1106.053268765133, 17.788461538461533

 

91.0411622276029, 99.51923076923077

238.25665859564157, 95.99358974358975

453.2687651331718, 90.7051282051282

581.1138014527844, 87.98076923076924

683.7772397094429, 85.09615384615385

786.4406779661016, 81.08974358974359

829.0556900726392, 79.16666666666667

883.2929782082323, 75.96153846153847

937.5302663438256, 70.35256410256412

1003.3898305084742, 61.698717948717956

1049.8789346246972, 53.36538461538462

1076.9975786924938, 43.75000000000001

1104.1162227602908, 31.891025641025635

 

91.0411622276029, 100

364.16464891041153, 93.10897435897436

594.6731234866827, 87.33974358974359

759.322033898305, 82.37179487179488

829.0556900726392, 79.16666666666667

879.418886198547, 75.64102564102565

945.278450363196, 69.87179487179488

1020.823244552058, 62.33974358974359

1100.2421307506052, 52.72435897435898

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.2(b). Effect of temperature on the ultimate shear strength (Fsu) of 5Cr[1]Mo-V aircraft steel

92.97820823244552, 100

255.69007263922515, 97.09677419354838

439.70944309927364, 94.19354838709677

623.7288135593219, 90.64516129032258

718.6440677966102, 88.70967741935483

780.6295399515739, 85.96774193548387

844.5520581113801, 81.77419354838709

912.3486682808718, 73.2258064516129

966.585956416465, 64.51612903225805

1018.8861985472154, 51.129032258064505

1057.6271186440679, 39.032258064516114

1106.0532687651332, 20.483870967741936

 

91.04116222760288, 100

247.9418886198547, 96.93548387096773

435.8353510895883, 94.03225806451613

594.6731234866827, 91.4516129032258

786.4406779661017, 86.93548387096774

898.7893462469733, 81.93548387096774

980.1452784503633, 77.25806451612902

1022.7602905569008, 70

1061.501210653753, 59.99999999999999

1082.8087167070219, 50.967741935483865

1106.0532687651332, 35

 

96.85230024213078, 100

340.9200968523002, 95.48387096774192

600.4842615012108, 90.96774193548387

716.7070217917676, 88.87096774193547

805.8111380145278, 86.61290322580645

869.7336561743341, 83.38709677419354

949.1525423728815, 79.6774193548387

1018.8861985472154, 73.06451612903226

1061.501210653753, 66.4516129032258

1107.9903147699758, 54.838709677419345

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.3(a). Effect of temperature on the ultimate bearing strength (Fbru) of 5 Cr[1]Mo-V aircraft steel.

96.72544080604533, 99.50166112956812

211.58690176322418, 97.17607973421927

380.8564231738035, 93.35548172757476

511.83879093198993, 90.19933554817277

667.0025188916877, 85.71428571428572

769.7732997481108, 81.72757475083057

866.498740554156, 75.08305647840533

924.9370277078085, 67.10963455149502

975.314861460957, 56.47840531561462

1007.5566750629723, 46.511627906976756

1045.8438287153651, 34.385382059800676

1106.2972292191434, 16.44518272425249

 

100.75566750629721, 99.83388704318938

326.448362720403, 94.51827242524918

531.9899244332493, 89.53488372093024

677.0780856423173, 85.31561461794021

795.969773299748, 80.56478405315616

916.8765743073047, 72.25913621262458

945.088161209068, 67.77408637873755

997.4811083123425, 59.96677740863788

1055.9193954659947, 46.179401993355484

1102.2670025188916, 31.893687707641206

 

96.72544080604533, 99.50166112956812

179.34508816120902, 97.67441860465117

324.43324937027705, 94.65116279069768

521.9143576826197, 89.8671096345515

669.0176322418135, 85.54817275747509

838.2871536523929, 78.67109634551495

896.7254408060453, 74.08637873754154

991.4357682619645, 65.28239202657808

1047.8589420654912, 56.312292358803994

1096.2216624685138, 43.68770764119602

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.3(b). Effect of temperature on the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of 5Cr-Mo-V aircraft steel.

96.18320610687022, 99.53987730061351

256.4885496183206, 95.09202453987731

438.1679389312976, 89.57055214723927

599.9999999999999, 85.27607361963192

711.4503816793892, 80.52147239263805

798.4732824427479, 75.46012269938652

880.916030534351, 66.71779141104295

958.7786259541983, 52.60736196319019

1007.6335877862593, 41.71779141104295

1064.12213740458, 28.374233128834362

1102.2900763358775, 17.177914110429455

 

99.23664122137404, 99.69325153374234

277.86259541984725, 94.32515337423314

499.23664122137393, 87.73006134969326

673.2824427480915, 82.36196319018406

795.4198473282441, 76.84049079754602

893.1297709923662, 71.01226993865032

966.4122137404579, 64.87730061349694

1025.9541984732823, 55.82822085889571

1071.7557251908395, 43.865030674846636

1100.7633587786258, 29.60122699386504

 

100.76335877862593, 99.53987730061351

222.90076335877856, 96.01226993865032

482.4427480916029, 88.3435582822086

664.12213740458, 82.20858895705523

772.5190839694654, 78.22085889570553

877.8625954198471, 72.08588957055215

967.9389312977098, 65.33742331288344

1021.3740458015266, 60.429447852760745

1073.2824427480914, 53.5276073619632

1102.2900763358775, 48.773006134969336

 

Figure 2.4.1.1.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of 5Cr-Mo-V aircraft steel.

81.93236714975845, 99.38080495356037

142.22222222222223, 95.82043343653251

224.1545893719807, 93.6532507739938

313.816425120773, 92.26006191950464

418.93719806763283, 91.0216718266254

482.3188405797101, 90.71207430340557

570.4347826086956, 90.24767801857585

657.0048309178744, 89.78328173374614

734.2995169082126, 88.54489164086688

825.5072463768116, 86.53250773993808

918.2608695652174, 82.04334365325077

1001.7391304347826, 76.0061919504644

1080.5797101449275, 68.73065015479877

1130.0483091787437, 63.0030959752322

1198.0676328502414, 53.71517027863777

 

Figure 2.4.2.0. Effect of temperature on the thermal expansion of 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel.

-424.968152866242, 4.412398921832883

-375.03184713375794, 4.719676549865229

-294.7770700636942, 5.204851752021563

-228.78980891719743, 5.552560646900269

-118.21656050955414, 5.956873315363881

-23.69426751592357, 6.247978436657681

65.47770700636943, 6.425876010781671

147.515923566879, 6.547169811320754

195.66878980891715, 6.571428571428571

 

Figure 2.4.2.1.1. Effect of temperature on the tensile ultimate strength (Ftu) and tensile yield strength (Fty) of 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel plate.

85.0632911392405, 99.51690821256038

147.84810126582278, 97.42351046698873

218.7341772151899, 95.16908212560386

281.51898734177223, 93.0756843800322

342.2784810126583, 91.62640901771336

403.03797468354435, 90.49919484702093

447.5949367088608, 90.01610305958131

512.4050632911393, 88.72785829307568

575.1898734177215, 87.27858293075684

629.873417721519, 85.9903381642512

680.5063291139242, 83.25281803542673

725.0632911392405, 80.67632850241546

765.5696202531647, 78.26086956521739

814.1772151898736, 74.87922705314008

856.7088607594937, 71.658615136876

901.2658227848101, 68.1159420289855

 

87.08860759493672, 99.8389694041868

133.67088607594937, 97.74557165861513

200.50632911392404, 95.97423510466989

273.4177215189874, 93.55877616747182

330.12658227848107, 92.10950080515298

421.2658227848102, 91.14331723027375

492.1518987341773, 90.33816425120773

569.1139240506329, 89.0499194847021

652.1518987341772, 86.11916264090176

718.9873417721519, 82.83413848631238

771.6455696202532, 79.71014492753622

840.5063291139242, 75.26570048309178

899.2405063291139, 71.17552334943639

 

Figure 2.4.2.1.2. Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) and the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel plate.

82.55528255528257, 100

115.97051597051596, 96.88473520249221

178.86977886977888, 93.14641744548287

243.73464373464378, 89.7196261682243

304.66830466830464, 88.00623052959502

347.9115479115479, 86.7601246105919

424.57002457002466, 85.51401869158877

511.0565110565111, 84.26791277258567

581.8181818181819, 82.55451713395638

654.5454545454546, 80.06230529595015

746.9287469287469, 75.54517133956386

908.1081081081081, 66.35514018691589

 

86.48648648648647, 99.53271028037383

155.28255528255528, 95.6386292834891

235.87223587223588, 92.6791277258567

304.66830466830464, 90.03115264797508

365.6019656019656, 88.3177570093458

424.57002457002466, 87.22741433021807

493.3660933660934, 86.29283489096574

556.2653562653563, 85.04672897196261

617.1990171990171, 83.33333333333333

672.2358722358723, 81.15264797507788

723.3415233415234, 77.8816199376947

764.6191646191646, 74.9221183800623

902.2113022113023, 63.08411214953271

 

Figure 2.4.2.1.4. Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel plate.

78.55361596009975, 99.92163009404388

113.4663341645885, 98.66771159874608

162.09476309226932, 97.33542319749216

209.47630922693264, 96.31661442006269

263.09226932668327, 95.37617554858933

314.214463840399, 94.5924764890282

361.5960099750624, 93.9655172413793

406.4837905236908, 93.80877742946709

443.8902743142145, 93.3385579937304

491.27182044887786, 92.63322884012538

549.8753117206982, 91.77115987460814

614.7132169576059, 90.28213166144201

652.1197007481296, 89.42006269592476

699.501246882793, 88.16614420062695

738.1546134663341, 86.99059561128526

779.3017456359103, 85.50156739811912

816.708229426434, 84.1692789968652

849.1271820448878, 83.15047021943573

897.7556109725685, 81.34796238244513

 

Figure 2.4.2.1.6(a). Typical tensile stress-strain curves for 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel plate at various temperatures.

0.046511627906976716, 0.3894080996884668

1.131782945736434, 25.31152647975074

2.3100775193798446, 51.791277258566964

3.8914728682170536, 88.39563862928344

4.775193798449613, 103.97196261682242

5.844961240310078, 116.43302180685356

6.930232558139536, 125.38940809968847

8.372093023255815, 134.7352024922118

9.829457364341085, 140.9657320872274

11.03875968992248, 145.2492211838006

 

0.046511627906976716, 0.3894080996884668

1.4573643410852712, 37.38317757009344

2.8837209302325584, 69.70404984423675

3.9379844961240305, 97.35202492211837

4.759689922480621, 117.99065420560746

5.534883720930233, 132.78816199376945

6.325581395348838, 143.6915887850467

7.24031007751938, 151.86915887850466

8.310077519379846, 158.4890965732087

9.364341085271318, 162.38317757009344

10.325581395348838, 165.8878504672897

11.44186046511628, 169.39252336448595

 

0.015503875968992276, -0.3894080996884668

1.054263565891473, 31.152647975077855

2.2635658914728682, 63.47352024922114

3.3953488372093026, 95.79439252336445

4.418604651162791, 123.83177570093454

5.379844961240311, 149.14330218068534

5.891472868217055, 163.55140186915887

6.465116279069768, 172.50778816199374

7.100775193798451, 178.73831775700933

7.937984496124031, 185.74766355140184

8.806201550387598, 190.80996884735202

9.689922480620156, 195.48286604361368

10.883720930232558, 200.15576323987537

11.875968992248062, 203.27102803738316

 

Figure 2.4.2.1.6(b). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus curves for 9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel plate at various temperatures.

0.02369200394866733, 0

1.1846001974333662, 26.315789473684248

2.6535044422507403, 59.40988835725682

3.4471865745310954, 79.34609250398728

4.122408687068115, 93.7001594896332

4.7502467917077995, 105.26315789473685

5.3899308983218175, 114.43381180223287

6.148075024679172, 121.61084529505584

6.9180651530108594, 128.3891547049442

7.936821322803554, 133.97129186602874

8.86080947680158, 138.75598086124404

9.678183613030603, 142.74322169059013

10.424481737413622, 144.73684210526318

10.8390918065153, 145.5342902711324

11.15893385982231, 145.1355661881978

 

0.011846001974333609, -0.39872408293456374

1.0187561697926948, 24.720893141945822

1.9545903257650545, 49.043062200956996

2.6535044422507403, 65.23125996810205

3.565646594274432, 88.03827751196178

4.501480750246793, 110.8452950558214

5.6386969397828235, 136.36363636363637

6.325765054294177, 145.93301435406698

7.237907206317868, 154.3062200956938

8.102665350444225, 160.28708133971293

8.86080947680158, 165.07177033492826

9.618953603158934, 168.2615629984051

10.341559723593287, 170.65390749601278

11.170779861796644, 173.52472089314196

11.869693978282331, 174.64114832535887

 

0.03553800592300094, 0.3987240829346774

0.7226061204343533, 21.53110047846897

1.3978282329713725, 39.87240829346095

2.700888450148075, 76.15629984051037

3.399802566633761, 96.09250398724086

4.015794669299113, 112.44019138755982

4.619940769990128, 129.1866028708134

5.070088845014808, 141.94577352472092

5.697926949654493, 160.3668261562998

6.325765054294177, 175.43859649122808

7.000987166831195, 185.8054226475279

7.865745310957553, 194.57735247208933

8.837117472852913, 202.55183413078151

9.678183613030603, 206.5390749601276

10.44817374136229, 209.64912280701753

11.265547877591313, 212.12121212121212

11.976307996051332, 214.11483253588517

 

1.2793682132280355, 148.32535885167465

1.6110562685093783, 142.3444976076555

2.0612043435340577, 137.16108452950562

2.665350444225074, 131.18022328548648

3.3761105626850934, 125.91706539074966

4.015794669299113, 120.41467304625203

5.022704837117473, 114.43381180223287

5.9822309970385, 108.93141945773525

6.728529121421522, 104.46570972886764

7.4748272458045415, 99.12280701754383

8.031589338598224, 94.09888357256781

8.517275419545904, 88.11802232854868

8.884501480750247, 82.53588516746413

9.156959526159921, 74.16267942583735

9.31095755182626, 65.39074960127596

9.370187561697927, 49.84051036682621

9.38203356367226, -0.39872408293456374

 

1.2082922013820334, 177.83094098883575

1.6702862783810466, 172.2488038277512

2.155972359328727, 166.26794258373207

2.700888450148075, 160.76555023923441

3.6011846001974335, 155.50239234449762

4.205330700888451, 151.67464114832538

5.6386969397828235, 143.93939393939397

6.716683119447187, 138.35725677830942

7.4748272458045415, 134.05103668261563

8.363277393879565, 128.7878787878788

8.86080947680158, 123.92344497607661

9.263573543928924, 118.02232854864437

9.571569595261598, 114.03508771929828

9.784797630799606, 108.85167464114835

9.950641658440276, 100.07974481658695

10.069101678183612, 86.92185007974484

10.133070088845013, 70.9728867623605

10.128331688055283, 47.04944178628392

10.128331688055283, 0.3987240829346774

 

1.2556762092793683, 214.91228070175438

1.7058242843040476, 209.33014354066987

2.309970384995064, 203.74800637958535

3.127344521224087, 198.1658692185008

3.8973346495557757, 193.7799043062201

4.465942744323792, 190.51036682615631

5.212240868706812, 187.40031897926636

6.159921026653506, 182.61562998405105

7.261599210266536, 177.11323763955346

8.232971372161895, 173.04625199362044

9.168805528134255, 167.14513556618817

9.808489634748273, 162.59968102073367

10.54294175715696, 155.9011164274322

11.064165844027642, 148.32535885167465

11.32477788746298, 139.15470494417866

11.455083909180653, 129.58532695374802

11.51431391905232, 115.6299840510367

11.538005923000988, 96.88995215311007

11.526159921026654, 68.18181818181822

11.526159921026654, 50.63795853269542

11.538005923000988, 0.797448165869298

 

Figure 2.4.3.0. Effect of temperature on the thermal expansion of 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel.

-424.77876106194697, 4.415760869565218

-352.212389380531, 4.847826086956522

-290.2654867256638, 5.2065217391304355

-215.92920353982305, 5.5733695652173925

-172.74336283185846, 5.764130434782608

-110.4424778761059, 5.997282608695652

-42.477876106194685, 6.209239130434783

23.008849557522126, 6.364130434782609

69.02654867256638, 6.461956521739131

145.1327433628319, 6.556521739130435

199.29203539823004, 6.5793478260869565

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.1. Effect of temperature on the tensile yield strength (Fty) and the tensile ultimate strength of 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel

-103.78619153674839, 106.32911392405063

-41.425389755011224, 104.20253164556962

80.17817371937633, 99.82784810126586

204.89977728285078, 95.51392405063291

314.0311804008909, 92.65822784810125

496.12472160356356, 90.83544303797467

 

-100.6681514476615, 107.84810126582278

-20.22271714922067, 104.20253164556962

66.45879732739411, 100.253164556962

155.011135857461, 96.91139240506327

261.0244988864142, 92.84050632911396

423.162583518931, 89.0126582278481

494.8775055679289, 88.1012658227848

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.2. Effect of temperature on the compressive yield strength (Fcy) and the shear ultimate strength (Fsu) of 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel hand forging.

-95.36000000000013, 105.37102473498233

14.399999999999864, 101.76678445229682

112.95999999999992, 98.58657243816253

207.03999999999985, 96.08480565371025

383.9999999999998, 91.42049469964664

502.7199999999998, 88.19787985865723

 

-95.36000000000013, 107.8303886925795

3.199999999999932, 103.25088339222614

144.31999999999994, 97.39929328621906

278.7199999999999, 92.48056537102474

410.8799999999999, 87.81625441696113

502.7199999999998, 85.22968197879858

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.3. Effect of temperature on the bearing ultimate strength (Fbru) and the bearing yield strength (Fbry) of 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel hand forgings.

-101.21951219512209, 104.15094339622642

67.3780487804878, 100.0343053173242

165.54878048780483, 97.35849056603774

295.7317073170731, 94.06518010291596

434.4512195121948, 90.97770154373929

500.60975609756076, 89.24871355060034

 

-94.81707317073176, 104.15094339622642

18.29268292682923, 101.26929674099486

148.47560975609747, 97.89365351629503

270.1219512195122, 95.50600343053173

385.3658536585366, 93.85934819897085

500.60975609756076, 93.0360205831904

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.4 Effect of temperature on the tensile and compressive moduli (E and Ec) of 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel.

-112.90322580645164, 102.57748776508971

-9.677419354838662, 100.85481239804241

188.70967741935488, 97.68352365415987

316.1290322580645, 95.6867862969005

400.64516129031836, 94.19902120717782

499.67741935483866, 92.67210440456769

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.6(a). Typical compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus curves for 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel hand forging at various temperatuers

0.014625228519195677, 0.35348179568745763

2.2815356489945158, 61.77094379639445

4.372943327239488, 117.0024743725698

5.411334552102377, 143.95546129374335

5.9817184643510055, 156.76917638741602

6.90310786106033, 172.2340049487451

7.985374771480806, 183.98727465535518

9.126142595978061, 194.32661717921525

10.120658135283364, 200.86603039943444

11.071297989031079, 205.72640509013783

11.817184643510055, 208.9961117002474

12.680073126142595, 212.7076705549664

 

0.029250457038391353, 1.2371862849062722

2.998171846435101, 84.7472605160834

5.104204753199269, 142.62990455991513

6.552102376599636, 176.65252739483913

7.385740402193785, 189.46624248851182

8.219378427787934, 198.30328738069989

9.228519195612432, 205.72640509013783

10.29616087751371, 212.44255920820075

11.115173674588664, 216.24248851184163

12.19744058500914, 219.5121951219512

12.63619744058501, 220.39589961117002

 

0, 1.6790385295156511

3.0420475319926883, 90.49133969600561

4.475319926873858, 130.96500530222687

5.440585009140768, 158.09473312124425

6.478976234003657, 184.6058677978084

6.976234003656308, 196.09402615765285

7.517367458866546, 203.60551431601272

8.073126142595978, 210.67515022976315

8.643510054844606, 215.97737716507598

9.477148080438758, 223.48886532343585

10.29616087751371, 229.14457405443616

11.36380255941499, 234.88865323435843

12.358318098720293, 239.3955461293743

13.039853747714806, 241.95828914810886

 

0.029250457038391353, 1.6790385295156511

2.9689213893967095, 89.7843761046305

4.209140767824499, 126.01626016260155

4.972577696526509, 148.81583598444678

5.5137111517367465, 164.7225167903853

6.040219378427789, 180.18734535171438

6.508226691042049, 192.11735595616824

6.9469835466179175, 202.19158713326266

7.444241316270568, 210.67515022976315

8.10237659963437, 219.42382467302932

8.833638025594151, 226.58183103570164

9.521023765996345, 232.76776246023326

10.354661791590495, 238.9536938847649

11.349177330895797, 245.22799575821844

12.095063985374772, 249.73488865323435

13.250457038391225, 254.0650406504065

 

1.930530164533821, 209.79144574054436

2.471663619744059, 203.1636620714033

3.2906764168190135, 195.65217391304344

4.387568555758684, 187.2569812654648

5.6745886654478985, 178.41993637327676

7.473491773308958, 168.78755744079177

8.555758683729433, 162.689996465182

9.550274223034735, 157.21102863202543

10.559414990859231, 150.9367267585719

12.007312614259599, 139.89042064333682

12.826325411334553, 130.25804171085187

13.323583180987203, 120.537292329445

13.60146252285192, 111.70024743725696

13.791590493601463, 98.44468009897486

13.864716636197441, 77.23577235772353

13.853016453382086, 1.2371862849062722

 

1.8369287020109686, 219.24708377518556

2.6325411334552102, 211.0286320254507

3.641681901279708, 203.25203252032517

4.460694698354662, 197.9498055850123

5.5137111517367465, 191.94061505832445

6.815356489945157, 186.01979498055852

8.248628884826326, 178.77341816896427

9.316270566727606, 174.00141392718274

10.398537477148082, 168.78755744079177

12.855575868372943, 151.64369034994692

13.440585009140769, 144.39731353835273

13.908592321755027, 133.70448921880518

14.157221206581353, 122.6581831035702

14.282998171846437, 103.74690703428772

14.297623400365628, 71.04984093319192

14.300548446069469, 0.7953340402968934

 

1.9071297989031077, 240.8978437610463

3.319926873857405, 227.1120537292329

4.182815356489947, 220.66101095793564

5.382084095063987, 213.32626369741956

6.493601462522853, 207.75892541534108

7.824497257769653, 201.3962530929657

9.506398537477148, 192.64757864969948

11.129798903107861, 183.98727465535518

12.957952468007313, 171.08518911276067

14.084095063985377, 157.2993990809473

14.610603290676417, 143.51360904913395

14.815356489945156, 128.3138918345706

14.868007312614257, 119.38847649346056

14.89725776965265, 1.1488158359844647

 

2.237659963436929, 252.209261223047

2.939670932358319, 243.9908094733121

3.5100548446069473, 238.158359844468

4.680073126142596, 228.79109225874868

5.6745886654478985, 222.34004948745138

6.742230347349178, 216.41922940968539

8.175502742230346, 207.93566631318484

9.57367458866545, 200.33580770590314

11.129798903107861, 191.76387416048073

12.27056672760512, 184.16401555319902

13.118829981718465, 177.18275008837043

14.259597806215723, 164.0155531990102

14.90310786106033, 149.16931778013426

15.13711151736746, 139.5369388476493

15.29798903107861, 121.42099681866378

15.341864716636197, 99.77023683280308

15.353564899451554, 1.2371862849062722

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.6(b). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 9Ni-4Co[1]0.30C hand forging at various temperatures

-0.0003677221654749749, -1.3812154696132666

0.000735444330949948, 16.114180478821368

0.001801838610827373, 36.83241252302025

0.002390194075587335, 60.773480662983445

0.004228804902962206, 116.94290976058932

0.005331971399387131, 149.63167587476983

0.009376915219611847, 183.2412523020258

0.013421859039836568, 197.97421731123387

0.01820224719101124, 204.8802946593002

0.025005107252298264, 209.02394106813998

0.03346271705822267, 212.24677716390426

0.04578140960163432, 212.24677716390426

0.05736465781409602, 211.32596685082873

0.06729315628192031, 207.18232044198896

0.078876404494382, 201.65745856353593

0.0891726251276813, 197.05340699815838

0.09965270684371806, 189.22651933701658

0.11215526046986721, 180.01841620626152

0.12226762002042901, 171.2707182320442

0.1353217568947906, 160.68139963167587

0.1465372829417773, 150.09208103130754

0.15591419816138916, 140.88397790055248

0.16345250255362614, 134.43830570902395

 

-0.00018386108273748744, 0.9208103130754921

0.0014341164453523982, 31.307550644567243

0.0022063329928498476, 56.1694290976059

0.0036772216547497436, 104.97237569060775

0.0058835546475995894, 157.91896869244937

0.009560776302349338, 186.46408839779008

0.011950970377936668, 198.43462246777165

0.01820224719101124, 208.10313075506446

0.030337078651685397, 214.08839779005527

0.05258426966292135, 217.31123388581955

0.06490296220633297, 217.03499079189686

0.07906026557711951, 212.24677716390426

0.09744637385086823, 203.49907918968694

0.11141981613891724, 195.11970534069982

0.11932584269662921, 188.30570902394106

0.1307252298263534, 179.55801104972375

0.14065372829417772, 172.09944751381215

0.14819203268641468, 162.98342541436466

0.1562819203268641, 155.6169429097606

 

-0.0003677221654749749, -0.9208103130754921

0.0022063329928498476, 55.70902394106815

0.00511133810010214, 126.61141804788215

0.005331971399387131, 155.6169429097606

0.008825331971399389, 197.05340699815838

0.01617977528089888, 218.23204419889504

0.02390194075587334, 226.05893186003686

0.03401430030643513, 230.2025782688766

0.04872318692543411, 230.2025782688766

0.058835546475995905, 230.2025782688766

0.07097037793667006, 225.5985267034991

0.0847599591419816, 218.69244935543279

0.0992849846782431, 208.56353591160223

0.11381001021450457, 196.59300184162063

0.12281920326864146, 187.38489871086557

0.1353217568947906, 174.03314917127074

0.15885597548518895, 148.25046040515653

 

0, 0.4604051565377745

0.004596527068437181, 120.62615101289134

0.006251276813074564, 174.49355432780848

0.007722165474974464, 203.9594843462247

0.009560776302349338, 217.7716390423573

0.01323799795709908, 228.36095764272562

0.01801838610827375, 237.56906077348066

0.02537282941777324, 241.71270718232046

0.03585291113381001, 246.31675874769797

0.04412665985699693, 248.15837937384902

0.05221654749744637, 247.2375690607735

0.06306435137895812, 244.475138121547

0.07556690500510725, 238.02946593001843

0.0919305413687436, 226.97974217311236

0.10774259448416751, 212.707182320442

0.11932584269662921, 200.27624309392266

0.129070480081716, 191.0681399631676

0.13771195097037792, 181.3996316758748

0.15315628192032685, 162.98342541436466

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.6(c). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 9Ni-4Co-0.30C hand forging at various temperatures

-0.0001848049281314157, 0

0.004435318275154004, 107.93357933579341

0.00757700205338809, 170.20295202952033

0.013860369609856262, 198.43173431734328

0.019774127310061597, 207.5645756457565

0.02956878850102669, 211.71586715867164

0.04084188911704312, 214.48339483394835

0.05359342915811088, 213.56088560885615

0.06283367556468171, 211.2546125461255

0.07558521560574948, 206.64206642066426

0.09258726899383982, 196.49446494464948

0.10589322381930183, 187.26937269372695

0.12825462012320327, 169.28044280442808

 

-0.0001848049281314157, -0.46125461254609945

0.0040657084188911695, 93.17343173431738

0.006652977412731005, 158.21033210332106

0.008870636550308014, 186.34686346863472

0.014969199178644763, 205.719557195572

0.028644763860369613, 217.25092250922512

0.047494866529774124, 220.01845018450192

0.06911704312114988, 217.34317343173439

0.07835728952772072, 214.02214022140225

0.09498973305954823, 204.79704797047975

0.11383983572895276, 191.88191881918823

0.12381930184804926, 183.11808118081186

0.14895277207392194, 160.5166051660517

 

0, 0.4612546125461563

0.006283367556468172, 152.21402214022143

0.009609856262833673, 194.18819188191887

0.014045174537987678, 210.7933579335794

0.020698151950718682, 221.40221402214027

0.030308008213552354, 228.7822878228783

0.04490759753593429, 231.91881918819192

0.05414784394250513, 231.0885608856089

0.06505133470225871, 229.15129151291518

0.07669404517453797, 222.78597785977865

0.09203285420944557, 213.09963099631

0.10626283367556466, 202.58302583025835

0.11531827515400409, 195.1107011070111

0.13010266940451742, 181.27306273062732

0.14156057494866528, 171.1254612546126

 

0, 1.383763837638412

0.004028747433264887, 91.32841328413286

0.006652977412731005, 158.21033210332106

0.008501026694045172, 199.26199261992625

0.01119917864476386, 223.24723247232475

0.016447638603696094, 240.77490774907753

0.029014373716632444, 249.0774907749078

0.04195071868583162, 250.83025830258308

0.0550718685831622, 250.00000000000003

0.07613963039014371, 239.39114391143914

0.09184804928131414, 229.2435424354244

0.10663244353182749, 217.43542435424354

0.1199383983572895, 205.71955719557195

0.1352772073921971, 191.5129151291513

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.6(d). Typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) for 9Ni-4Co-0.30C hand forging at various temperatures

0.00015985790408525827, 0.8025682182985179

0.004476021314387212, 103.53130016051364

0.007673179396092362, 166.13162118780093

0.014227353463587927, 198.6356340288924

0.020781527531083484, 207.46388443017653

0.025737122557726467, 209.47030497592291

0.033889875666074605, 211.07544141252004

0.043001776198934284, 211.47672552166932

0.05403197158081705, 211.47672552166932

0.06570159857904086, 209.47030497592291

0.08408525754884548, 201.04333868378808

0.0983126110124334, 193.01765650080256

0.1107815275310835, 185.39325842696627

0.12580817051509768, 173.75601926163722

0.1505861456483126, 152.8892455858748

 

0.0003197158081705157, 0.40128410914928736

0.002877442273534636, 67.41573033707866

0.00591474245115453, 145.2648475120385

0.009591474245115455, 186.19582664526484

0.015186500888099471, 205.13643659711073

0.021101243339254, 213.40288924558584

0.0286145648312611, 217.89727126805775

0.04827708703374778, 220.86677367576243

0.059147424511545296, 220.7062600321027

0.07129662522202487, 217.49598715890846

0.08696269982238011, 209.47030497592291

0.10150976909413854, 201.04333868378808

0.11541740674955596, 189.80738362760832

0.12788632326820606, 179.77528089887636

0.14694138543516883, 162.92134831460672

 

0.0003197158081705157, 0.8025682182985179

0.005754884547069273, 134.430176565008

0.008088809946714026, 182.9855537720706

0.010071047957371227, 197.03049759229532

0.012628774422735349, 206.2600321027287

0.016305506216696273, 216.69341894060992

0.020781527531083484, 221.50882825040125

0.027175843694493784, 226.24398073836272

0.03644760213143872, 229.5345104333868

0.047957371225577264, 230.73836276083463

0.05962699822380106, 230.73836276083463

0.06905861456483126, 227.9293739967897

0.08088809946714033, 222.3113964686998

0.09095914742451155, 215.89085072231137

0.10278863232682062, 207.46388443017653

0.11429840142095915, 198.23434991974315

0.1261278863232682, 188.60353130016048

0.13492007104795736, 180.17656500802565

0.1486678507992895, 168.5393258426966

 

0.0003197158081705157, 0.8025682182985179

0.00252575488454707, 56.179775280898866

0.0052753108348135005, 130.41733547351524

0.00748134991119005, 185.79454253611556

0.008312611012433392, 201.04333868378808

0.00991119005328597, 213.08186195826642

0.012948490230905864, 228.73194221508825

0.01646536412078153, 238.76404494382018

0.021261101243339256, 246.38844301765647

0.02733570159857904, 250.40128410914923

0.0361278863232682, 251.12359550561794

0.043481349911190056, 250.80256821829852

0.053072824156305515, 250.88282504012838

0.06378330373001777, 250.72231139646865

0.0760923623445826, 246.3081861958266

0.08808170515097692, 237.96147672552163

0.10182948490230907, 225.28089887640445

0.11669626998223802, 209.06902086677366

0.13300177619893427, 188.60353130016048

 

Figure 2.4.3.1.8. Best-fit S/N curves for notched, Kt = 3.0, 9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel hand forging, long and short transverse directions.

2145.4665070234637, 154.97267759562843

2621.067834661832, 143.6065573770492

3539.2646913530643, 129.39890710382514

5348.855549652066, 112.13114754098362

7883.864118484412, 98.14207650273225

12684.13540582733, 84.15300546448088

20924.35954382157, 72.56830601092896

44334.225960091586, 59.890710382513674

 

11052.951411260197, 124.59016393442624

14556.047973707588, 114.53551912568307

26540.740973404816, 96.83060109289619

52166.452518599515, 82.18579234972678

126841.3540582733, 68.19672131147541